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Named after Selene, Greek goddess of the moon, selenium (Se) has
moved has moved from being thought of as a toxicant to being
considered an essential nutrient with the potential to reduce
cancer risk in the span of seven decades. Diversity of Selenium
Functions in Health and Disease focuses on current knowledge of
aspects of Se research relevant to its medical use, and
particularly to chemoprevention of cancer. It covers how Se is
integrated into selenoproteins, selenium compounds with individual
functions and dual functions, and unexpected links to Se such as
with diabetes. The text ends with a discussion of polymorphisms and
mutations in genes of selenoproteins. The chapters elucidate why
studies undertaken to prevent diseases with selenium ended with
disappointing outcomes and often with the opposite result, i.e.
disease promotion. They show that benefit, failure, or side effects
depend on: The chemical form and dose of selenium The selenium
status of the individual ingesting selenium The capacity of
selenium form to serve as a source for selenoprotein biosynthesis
The function of selenoproteins reacting to a change in the selenium
status The stage of the disease (mainly cancer) at the time point
of intervention The genetic background of individuals to be treated
Bringing together the accumulated evidence regarding selenium
biochemistry, the book covers aspects not found in available
general monographs. The narrow focus on medical uses of Se helps
resolve the present confusion about potential benefits and hazards
of selenium in human health. The book gives you a solid scientific
basis for optimum use of selenium in preventing or treating human
diseases and answering the questions: Why is selenium essential?
How much is required? What are the health consequences of low
selenium and can selenium reduce cancer risk?
Micronutrients and Brain Health addresses cutting-edge research
related to processes of oxidative stress that affect brain
function, an area of increasing significance for those concerned
and involved with public health and translational medicine. Edited
by four leading micronutrient researchers, the book brings together
the investigative work of more than 70 leading researchers from
across the world. Chapters identify brain-specific micronutrients
that support function as well as the molecular mechanisms
underlying their neuroprotectant activity. These explore
age-related metabolic pathways, mitochondrial nutrients,
neurodegeneration and micronutrients, cell signaling, and neuronal
functions. General chapters are included on brain structure,
function, and metabolism, while several other chapters are devoted
to the role of specific micronutrients. The book explores how brain
micronutrients are found to be both metabolic and redox regulators,
thereby establishing a cross-talk between the major pathways
involved in modulation of cell signaling and gene expression.
Specific areas of research covered include: Uses of nutritional
interventions to target age-related neuronal and behavioral
deficits Effects of various micronutrients on Alzheimer's disease,
including lipoic acid, green tea, and Ginkgo biloba extracts
Nutrients specific to essential mitochondrial functions Cognitive
and behavioral consequences of iron deficiency with specific
emphasis on women of reproductive age Omega-3 fatty acids and their
relation to brain function in the elderly Challenges inherent in
the development of neuroprotective-neurorescue drugs This book
belongs to the groundbreaking CRC Press Series on Oxidative Stress
and Disease. The series now includes more than two dozen volumes
that address increasing evidence regarding the multiple ways that
oxidative stress initiates and accelerates disease mechanisms. Most
importantly, this book, like the series, offers invaluable
information regarding nutritional and lifestyle choices, and
pharmaceutical interventions that can be employed to prevent,
control, and even ameliorate disease processes attributed to
oxidative stress.
Characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and
hypertension, metabolic syndrome is associated with the risks of
type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Obesity, which
increases the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
and subsequently leads to increased stress and inflammation,
appears to play a central role in the progression of the syndrome.
Evidence of inflammatory processes in accumulated fat appears to be
an early initiator of metabolic syndrome. Likewise, the more active
angiotensin system in obesity may contribute to even greater
oxidative stress that serves as a key signaling event in vascular
remodeling. These factors strengthen obesity's association with
oxidative stress. Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mechanisms in
Obesity, Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome is designed to
encourage the development of evidence-based nutritional and
pharmacological therapies that can attenuate the impact of
obesity-induced insulin resistance and ensuing metabolic syndrome.
The book offers a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms
that underlie the process. Edited by leading authorities on
oxidative stress, the book's chapters report on cutting-edge
research that explores intracellular events mediating or preventing
oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory processes in obesity and type
2 diabetes. It also brings together research on the molecular
mechanisms inherent in the progression of metabolic stress,
includes phenotypic perspectives, and discusses dietary factors,
including the role of micronutrients. The chapter authors, each a
leading expert in his or her field, discuss different components of
metabolic stress and obesity and their associations with oxidative
stress and inflammation. The book fills a unique role as a base of
knowledge for researchers seeking to develop nutritional and or
pharmacological therapies, as well as clinicians seeking a better
understanding of this increasingly common dis
Named after Selene, Greek goddess of the moon, selenium (Se) has
moved has moved from being thought of as a toxicant to being
considered an essential nutrient with the potential to reduce
cancer risk in the span of seven decades. Diversity of Selenium
Functions in Health and Disease focuses on current knowledge of
aspects of Se research relevant to its medical use, and
particularly to chemoprevention of cancer. It covers how Se is
integrated into selenoproteins, selenium compounds with individual
functions and dual functions, and unexpected links to Se such as
with diabetes. The text ends with a discussion of polymorphisms and
mutations in genes of selenoproteins. The chapters elucidate why
studies undertaken to prevent diseases with selenium ended with
disappointing outcomes and often with the opposite result, i.e.
disease promotion. They show that benefit, failure, or side effects
depend on: The chemical form and dose of selenium The selenium
status of the individual ingesting selenium The capacity of
selenium form to serve as a source for selenoprotein biosynthesis
The function of selenoproteins reacting to a change in the selenium
status The stage of the disease (mainly cancer) at the time point
of intervention The genetic background of individuals to be treated
Bringing together the accumulated evidence regarding selenium
biochemistry, the book covers aspects not found in available
general monographs. The narrow focus on medical uses of Se helps
resolve the present confusion about potential benefits and hazards
of selenium in human health. The book gives you a solid scientific
basis for optimum use of selenium in preventing or treating human
diseases and answering the questions: Why is selenium essential?
How much is required? What are the health consequences of low
selenium and can selenium reduce cancer risk?
Hepatic cells are involved in the metabolization and elimination of
a variety of endogenous and exogenous substances. They mediate the
uptake, processing and subsequent secretion of biliary compounds,
such as various drugs or hormones, and the passage of metabolites
to be released into different blood compartments. To perform
vectorial passages hepatocytes show a strong polarity with sites
for endocytotic processes or specific carrier molecules, and a
specified system of organelles for intracellular transport and
sorting, metabolization and secretion of compounds. Several
aspects, e.g. regulation, control and mechanisms of hepatic traffic
are reported in detail - complemented by methodological approaches
to analyse and monitor these processes.
Understanding the molecular basis of complex biological processes
has been a major goal of biological chemistry from early on.
Inflammation is one such entity, and recent years have seen
exciting progress in the under- standing of molecular interactions;
there has been a long way from dolor, rubor, calor, and tumor as a
fundamental description of the phenomenon to current knowledge,
e.g., on the control of the respiratory burst of the granulocyte,
the atomic details of protease regulation, or the interaction of
cytokines. We were glad to have been given the opportunity by the
Gesellschaft fUr Biologische Chemie to call upon experts in this
bustling field of research for this Colloquium. The sessions were
organized in the order of increasing complexity, starting with the
key phenomena of the inflamma- tory response and its modulation by
cytokines to intravascular events and shock and sepsis; thus, the
current attempts to apply basic knowledge on mediators of
inflammation to the clinical situation were also considered.
In-depth chapters presenting the state of the art in these areas
are collected in this book, and we thank the authors for their
efforts. We also thank the Chairmen of the sessions, Profs. C. Sorg
(Munster), D. Roos (Amsterdam), S. Bhakdi (Mainz), H. J.
Muller-Eberhard (Hamburg), H. G. Schwick (Marburg), K. Resch
(Hannover), W. Schaper (Bad Nauheim), D. Keppler (Heidelberg), and
O. Trentz (Zurich) for their input, and it is a great pleasure to
acknowledge the support by Drs.
Peroxisomes (microbodies) have a long evolutionary lifespan, but in
cell biology they are still young. It is gratifying to see that
most recent advances in our knowledge of peroxisomes come from
quite different disciplines, ranging from molecular biology and
cell biology to clinical research. The identification in terms of
cDNA sequences of enzymes, the localization in terms of
immuno-electron microscopy, and the cell biological aspects of the
organelle biogenesis have seen substantial progress very recently.
Likewise, the phenomenon of peroxisome proliferation induced by a
number of drugs, e. g. hypolipidemics and plasticizers, constitute
an active area of research, where much is still to be learnt. The
medical problem of inborn errors of metabolism seems to have gained
a new realm for discovery. Here, the advances in knowledge within
the last year have been particularly striking. Therefore, the
"International Symposium on Peroxisomes in Biology and Medicine",
held in Heidelberg from July 14-17,1986, was even more excit- ing
than could have initially been anticipated. The present volume
consists of papers from that conference. For sake of rapid
publication, the camera- ready format, inspite of all its drawbacks
(e. g. no proof reading by authors), was chosen. It is our pleasure
to acknowledge support and help. The Symposium was supported by
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, by the Ministerium ftir
Wissenschaft und Kunst Baden-Wtirttemberg, Stuttgart, as well as by
a number of generous contributors from industry.
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, has a long and multifaceted scientific
history. In 1937, the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine was
awarded to Albert Szent-Gyorgyi'in recognition of his discoveries
concerning the biological oxida tion processes with special
reference to vitamin C', and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was
shared by Sir Norman W. Haworth, who was the first to synthesize
the vitamin. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant, and this action
represented the theoretical basis for various lines of
investigation on this molecule in which the potential role of
ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of a series of dis
eases, whose pathogenesis is linked to an excess of free radicals
such as athero sclerosis and cancer, have been examined. These data
have been analyzed in detail by experts in biochemistry, epidemi
ology, and preventive and clinical medicine in the International
Symposium Vitamin C, the state of the art in disease prevention
sixty years after the Nobel Prize, held in Monte Carlo from October
31 to November 1, 1997, under the aus pices and the scientific
endorsement of the Nutrition Foundation of Italy and with the
financial support of Bracco SpA and Merck."
The first source to collect the latest evidence linking carotenoids
to human health and disease, this stimulating reference studies the
role of carotenoids in the prevention of chronic disease and
reviews breakthrough studies from more than 40 field authorities on
the latest research. The book reveals the most recent findings
regarding the use of carotenoids in the prevention of cancers and
sunburn, as well as eye, heart, vascular, and photosensitivity
diseases, and evaluates the potential toxic effects of high-dose
carotenoids in both smokers and drinkers. It also focuses on
pioneering observations from observational epidemiological and
clinical studies, as well as intervention trials on carotenoids.
For over fifty years the Methods in Enzymology series has been the
critically acclaimed laboratory standard and one of the most
respected publications in the field of biochemistry. The highly
relevant material makes it an essential publication for researchers
in all fields of life and related sciences. This volume features
articles on the topic of osmosensing and osmosignaling written by
experts in the field.
For over fifty years the Methods in Enzymology series has been the
critically acclaimed laboratory standard and one of the most
respected publications in the field of biochemistry. The highly
relevant material makes it an essential publication for researchers
in all fields of life and related sciences. This volume features
articles on the topic of oxygen biology and hypoxia.
This volume on conjugation enzymes and transporters serves to bring
together current methods and concepts in an interesting, important
and rapidly developing field of cell and systems biology. It
focuses on the so-called Phase II enzymes of drug metabolism
(xenobiotics), which has important ramifications for endogenous
metabolism and nutrition. Also included are aspects on Phase III,
transport systems. This volume of Methods in Enzymology presents
current knowledge and methodology on glucuronidation, sulfation,
acetylation, and transport systems in this field of research.
Together with the volumes on Quinones and Quinone Enzymes (volumes
378 and 382), and on Glutathione Transferases and gamma-Glutamyl
Transpeptidases (volume 401), the state of knowledge on proteomics
and metabolomics of many pathways of (waste) product elimination,
enzyme protein induction and gene regulation and feedback control
is provided. This volume will help stimulate future investigations
and speed the advance of knowledge in systems biology.
*A laboratory standard for more than 40 years
*Over 400 volumes strong
*Also available on ScienceDirect
Quinones are members of a class of aromatic compounds with two
oxygen atoms bonded to the ring as carbonyl groups. This volume
covers more clinical aspects of quinines, such as anticancer
properties, as well as their role in nutrition and in age-related
diseases.
*Mitochondrial Ubiquinone and Reductases
*Anticancer Quinones and Quinone Oxido-Reductases
*Quininone Reductases: Chemoprevention, Nutrition
*Quinones and Age-Related Diseases
This volume of Methods in Enzymology is concerned with the rapidly
developing field of selenoprotein synthesis and its related
molecular genetics. Progressive information on the topics of
proteins as redox sensors, selenoproteins, and the thioredoxin
system is studied using methods such as bioinformatics, DNA chip
technology, cell biology, molecular genetics, and enzymology. The
information on novel selenoproteins identified from genomic
sequence data, as well as current knowledge on glutathione
peroxidases, selenoprotein P, iodothyronine deiodinases, and
thioredoxin reductases, is presented in a method-based approach.
Oxidative Stress: Eustress and Distress presents current knowledge
on oxidative stress within the framework of redox biology and
translational medicine. It describes eustress and distress in
molecular terms and with novel imaging and chemogenetic approaches
in four sections: A conceptual framework for studying oxidative
stress. Processes and oxidative stress responses. Signaling in
major enzyme systems (oxidative eustress), and damaging
modification of biomolecules (oxidative distress). The exposome
addresses lifelong exposure and impact on health, nutrient sensing,
exercise and environmental pollution. Health and disease processes,
including ischemia-reperfusion injury, developmental and
psychological disorders, hepatic encephalopathy, skeletal muscle
disorders, pulmonary disease, gut disease, organ fibrosis, and
cancer. Oxidative Stress: Eustress and Distress is an informative
resource useful for active researchers and students in
biochemistry, molecular biology, medicinal chemistry,
pharmaceutical science, nutrition, exercise physiology, analytical
chemistry, cell biology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, and
environmental science.
Recent advances in understanding the biological role of singlet
oxygen in the pathways of cellular responses to ultraviolet-A
radiation: its key position in photodynamical effects, and its
generation by photochemical (dark) reactions, e.g. by cells of the
immune system such as eosinophils and macrophages, are the focus of
this volume. The new methods and techniques responsible for the
rapid progress in this area are presented.
The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty
years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected
publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume
has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by
researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes
(all of them still in print), the series contains much material
still relevant today--truly an essential publication for
researchers in all fields of life sciences.
The critically acclaimed laboratory standard, Methods in
Enzymology, is one of the most highly respected publications in the
field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly
awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and
reviewers alike. The series contains much material still relevant
today - truly an essential publication for researchers in all
fields of life sciences.
This volume of Methods in Enzymology is a companion to Volume 347
and addresses direct sensing of reactive oxygen species and related
free radicals by thiol enzymes and proteins.
The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty
years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected
publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume
has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by
researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes
(all of them still in print), the series contains much material
still relevant today-truly an essential publication for researchers
in all fields of life sciences.
This volume presents an extensive collection of new methodologies
to aid progress in solving unanswered questions concerning the
bioavailability and metabolism of flavonoids and polyphenols, their
biochemical and molecular biological effects on cell regulation,
and their effects on health. Major topics in this volume include
sources, characterization, analytical methods, bioavailability,
antioxidant action, and biological activity.
General Description of the Series:
The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty
years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected
publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume
has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by
researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes
(all of them still in print), the series contains much material
still relevant today--truly an essential publication for
researchers in all fields of life sciences.
Key Features
* Total Antioxidant Activity
* Vitamin C
* Polyphenols and Flavanoids
* Thiols
* Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10
* Carotenoids and Retinoids
Nitric oxide, recently named"Molecule of the Year"by the journal
"Science," impinges on a wide range of fields in biological
research, particularly in the areas of biomedicine and cell and
organismal biology, as well as in fundamental chemistry. This
volume and its companion Volume 268 highlight methods used to
research the physiology and toxicity of nitric oxide in cellular
and organismal systems. It will be a valuable resource for the
experienced researcher as well as for those newly entering the
field.
Key Features
* Effects of nitric oxide in cells and tissues
* Biochemical reactivity
* Tissue-specific effects
* Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expressions in heterologous
systems
* Cellular signaling
* Pathological and clinical aspects of NO
* Fingerprints of pathological action
* Interaction with membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids
* Peroxynitrite
* Tissue and cellular cytotoxicity
* Clinical aspects
Nitric oxide, recently named"Molecule of the Year"by the journal
"Science," impinges on a wide range of fields in biological
research, particularly in the areas of biomedicine and cell and
organismal biology, as well as in fundamental chemistry. This
volume and its companion Volume 269 highlight the most current and
up-to-date methods used to research the physiology and toxicity of
nitric oxide in cellular and organismal systems. It will be a
valuable resourcefor the experienced researcher as well as for
those newly entering the field.
Key Features
* Generation, detection, and characterization of biological and
chemical sources of nitric oxide
* Biochemistry and molecular biology of enzymes and proteins
associated with nitric oxide metabolism
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